Organic manures and its classification

Topic-organic manures

And its types

Content

•      INTRODUCTION

•      DEFINITION

•      ADVANTAGES OF ORGANIC MANURES

•      CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC MANURES

•      FACTORES AFFECTING THE COMPOSITION OF MANURES

•      CONCLUSION

•      QUERIES

Introduction

   Earlier the term ‘Manure’ was used for materials like cattle manures and other bulky natural substances that were used to increase production of crops but

       Later on chemical substances like (NH4)2SO4 and   Super Phosphate containing plant nutrient were also used to increase production of crops

    So later, the ORGANICS were specifically called MANURES and INORGANICS were called FERTILIZERS.

Definition

MANURES are defined as the plant and animal waste which are used as source of plant nutrient.

                                      OR

   Manures may be defined as materials which are organic in origin, bulky and concentrated in nature and capable of supplying plant nutrients and improving soil physical environment having no definite composition.

Advantages of organic manures

1)    Supply primary, secondary and micronutrients to plants.

2)     Improve physical condition of soil.

3)    Control plant parasitic nematodes and fungi.

4)     Act as CO2 fertilizer.

5)    Provide food for soil microorganisms.

6)    Provide buffering action in soil reaction.

Classification 

Bulky organic manures

These contains less amount of plant nutrients than concentrated organic manures -

1.      FYM

2.     Compost

3.     Night soils

4.     Sewage and sludge

5.     Sheep and goat manures

6.     Poultry manures

7.     Green manures

 FYM

•      Decomposed mixture of dung and urine of farm animals along with litter and left over material from roughage or fodder fed to the cattle.

•      Contains: 0.5% N, 0.2% P, 0.5% K.

•      Preparation of FYM: Size of trench: 6-7.5m x 1.5-2m, 1m deep, heaped up to 45- 60 cm, dome shape.

•      Types: Hot & cold manures

                      Short & long manures

                      Fire fanging

             

Compost

•      Decomposed material produced by waste vegetables and animal refuse except dung to a quickly utilizable condition is called compost.

•      Powdery and lighter in color.

•      Types: Super compost

                Azo compost

                Farm compost

                Town compost

                Vermi compost

Night soils

•      Night soil is human excreta, both solid and liquid.

•      Contains 5.5 % N, 4% P2O5, 2% K2O.

•      Also called POUDRETTE SOIL.

Sewage and sludge

•      Sludge – solid portion

          Sewage – liquid portion

•       Sewage treatment plants are used to treat the water.

•      Solid portion contain 40-50% organics,30-40% inert material, 10-15% bio resistant material, 5% miscellaneous material.

•      Types : Settled sludge

                      Activated sludge (3-6% N, 2% P2O5, 1% K2O)

                      Digested sludge

                      Chemically sludge

Layout of sewage and sludge

Sheep and goat manure

Contains 3%N, 1% P2O5, 2% K2O.

Applied in field in two ways:

       i.            Sweeping of goats and sheep are placed in pits for decomposition.

     ii.            Sheep penning

Poultry manure

•      Contains 3.3% N, 2.63% P2O, 1.4% K2O.

•      Straw, peat, sawdust, dry leaves etc are used as bedding material for birds. It absorbs urine and the litter is used as manure.

Green manures

•      Green undecomposed plant material used as manure is called green manure.

•       Two types:

          1. In-situ or green manuring

          2. Ex-situ or green leaf manuring

•      Plants at flowering stage contain the greatest bulk of succulent organic matter.

Concentrated organic manures

Oil cakes

•      They are divided into two types:

1. Edible oil cakes - e.g.  mustard oil cakes, groundnut cake, sesame or til     cake, linseed cake, coconut cake, etc.

    2. Non edible oil cakes- e.g. mahua oil cake, castor cake, and neem cake etc.

Bone meal

•      Contains maximum amount of phosphorous

•      Oldest Phosphatic fertilizer

•      Types :

      1. Bone meal raw (3-4% N, 20-25% P)

      2. Bone meal steamed (1-2% N, 25-30% P)

Blood meal

•      Dried blood used as meal

•      Blood is collected from slaughter houses

•      Row blood is treated with CUSO4

•      Applied to pomegranates and grapes

Fish meal

•      Two spp. of fish – Fish carcasses & Fish offal are used.

•      Meal is steamed and dried.

Factors affecting compostion of manures

•      ORIGIN OF MANURE

•      TYPES OF FOOD CONSUMED BY ANIMALS

•      AGE AND CONDITION OF ANIMAL

•      SPECIES OF ANIMAL

•      FUNTION OF ANIMAL

•      HANDLING AND STORAGE OF MANURES

Conclusion

 As we all know that the effects of organic manures are very slow in slow in the soil, so initially we should use INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT by increasing the doze of organic manures and by decreasing the doze of chemical fertilizers. And later on we should have to use 100% organic manures as a fertilizer and extension officers should have to aware the farmers about the benefits of using organic manures

References

·        https://www.google.co.in/search?q=organic+manures&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwippI_I0szTAhXDLI8KHc9nDtUQ_AUICigB&biw=1366&bih=631#imgrc=Mbb3AmPWl-czhM:

·        https://www.google.co.in/search?q=organic+manures&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwippI_I0szTAhXDLI8KHc9nDtUQ_AUICigB&biw=1366&bih=631#imgrc=-kWgY-ezeL7EKM:

·        Dilip Kumar Das.(2015).INTRODUCTORY SOIL SCIENCE(4^TH EDITION).NEW DELHI.KALYANI PUBLISHERS

·        MUNIRAJ SINGH RATHORE.(2016).GENRAL AGRICULTURE for ICAR Examinations (J.R.F, Ph.D, S.R.F & A.R.S)(23^rd Edition).NEW DELHI.JAIN BROTHERS.

·        ARUN KATAYAN. (2016).FUNDAMENTAL OF AGRICULTURE (6^TH EDITION).U P INDIA.KUSHAL PUBLICATION’S AND DISTRIBUTOR’S.